More About Michael Bess's Current Book Project

I regard my current research project on "boundaries of the human" as a continuation of the inquiries I was developing in my first two books. In all three cases what has drawn me intellectually, at the most basic level, is the combination of peril and opportunity with which the accelerating growth of scientific knowledge and technological power have confronted humankind. Thus, my first book (Realism, Utopia, and the Mushroom Cloud) explored the ways in which nuclear technology altered the frameworks of international politics and security; my second book (The Light-Green Society) examined the frontal challenge leveled by environmentalist ideas against the very underpinnings of technological civilization; my next book, Icarus 2.0, will be about the pressures exerted on the concept of "the human" by revolutionary biomedical and information technologies.

For a discussion of how this project fits into my broader intellectual interests, click on "My big questions" in the navigation bar to the left.

Below:
1. Project description
2. Working outline for book
3. Project Bibliography (by subtopic)

CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECT

Icarus 2.0:
Justice and Identity in a Bioengineered Civilization

For an article summarizing the main themes of this project, see "Icarus 2.0: A Historian's Perspective on Human Biological Enhancement," Technology and Culture 49:1 (Jan. 2008).

“Blurring the Boundary Between ‘Person’ and ‘Product’: Human Genetic Technologies Through the Year 2060,” The Hedgehog Review 13: 2 (Summer 2011), 55-67.

For an article exploring the difficulties of defining "human enhancement," see “Enhanced Humans versus ‘Normal People’: Elusive Definitions,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 0 (November 2010), 1-15.

I would like to express my gratitude to the following organizations for funding the research for this project: The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation; the American Council of Learned Societies; the ELSI Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH); the College of Arts and Science at Vanderbilt University; and the fund for the Chancellor's Chair in History at Vanderbilt.

* * * * *

This book project is about the ethical and social implications of new technologies for human biological enhancement – the reconfiguring and boosting of our physical and mental capabilities. The technologies of human enhancement are developing ever more rapidly, along three major fronts: pharmaceuticals, bioelectronics, and genetics. Over the coming decades, these technologies will reach into our lives with increasing force: it is likely that they will shake the moral foundations on which contemporary civilization rests, and raise profound questions about what it means to be human.

The goal of this book is threefold: to assess the major areas in which this destabilization will occur; to explore the assumptions about human identity prevalent among those who are addressing this emergent phenomenon, both inside and outside of academia; and to propose strategies for responding constructively to these developing technologies as they come into being.

My book will fall into two parts. In the first half, I will offer the reader a tour d’horizon of the three principal domains of enhancement science, charting the recent history of these three domains, and surveying the range of expert views about their projected future development.

1. Pharmaceuticals

People are using chemicals in increasingly sophisticated and powerful ways to reshape their bodies and minds. Behavioral traits such as distractedness and short attention span, which used to be treated as problems of character and will power, are now being medicalized, and redefined as treatable illnesses for which potent pharmaceuticals like Ritalin can be prescribed. Conditions such as depression, which used to be approached through endless hours on the psychiatric couch, are increasingly being handled through the administration of an ever-growing array of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other mood-altering chemicals. As Carl Elliott describes it in his book, Better than Well, we are engaged today in a sort of chemical arms race, seeking to push our own physical and mental abilities to ever higher levels.

2. Bioelectronic boosting

A second important area of human enhancement lies in the field of neuroscience and its intersection with the technologies of prosthetics, robotics, informatics, and artificial intelligence. In 2002, for example, the brain researcher William Dobelle created a media sensation by partially restoring sight to a fully blind patient. Dobelle implanted electrodes in the man’s visual cortex and linked them through a portable computer to a tiny video camera mounted on the man’s glasses: the result was grainy blurred vision – but vision nonetheless. Dr. Dobelle’s blind patients could see well enough to drive a car around a parking lot (slowly!) and carry out simple everyday tasks. Over the next few decades, these kinds of human-machine functional hybrids will become more and more a part of our lives. We are gaining ever more sophisticated understanding of how the human brain works, how the nervous system and sensory organs function; we are building ever more powerful robotic and informatic devices; and, most significantly, we are getting better and better at linking these two realms, human and machine, and teaching them to work as one.

3. Genetics.

Direct intervention at the level of the human genome is potentially the most powerful form of enhancement, because it can modify not just individual humans in the here and now, but entire lineages of humans down through the generations. When the Princeton neuroscientist Joe Tsien engineered a strain of transgenic mice in 1999 with elevated levels of expression for the NR2B gene, those mice performed up to five times better than unmodified mice in various tests of learning and memory. Tsien demonstrated that the genetic intervention had augmented activity of the synaptic receptor NMDA in the animals' forebrains, and he attributed the striking leap in their cognitive abilities to this fact. Other biologists such as Eric Kandel and Tim Tully have tinkered with a different gene, responsible for the production of a chemical that strengthens brain synapses: through genetic manipulation they have significantly boosted the learning abilities of mice, fruit flies, and sea slugs.

This does not mean that genetic enhancement of human intelligence is just around the corner. It does, however, point to a conclusion that should get our full attention: the basic science and applied technology that will enable genetic enhancement of basic human traits are advancing at an accelerating pace. Over the coming decades, our society is going to face some very tough choices about whether to use, and how to use, these extraordinary genetic powers. Depending on which expert opinion one accepts, the time frame for this development is probably a matter of two to five decades.

Part II of my book will address the ethical and social implications of these technological advances. Four main questions will frame my analysis.

1. Can society control enhancement science?

A key premise of this study is that the technologies for repairing a malfunctioning human body are inseparable from the technologies that allow us to push human capabilities to ever higher levels. For example, the same kinds of medical procedures that today permit gene therapy for persons with autoimmune disease can also be used, down the road, to modify or boost other genetic traits. Thus, where we can repair or heal, we can increasingly also modify, tweak, boost, redesign.

The implications are sobering. Let us suppose that a majority of U.S. citizens were to decide today that human enhancement is a bad road, and that our society should refuse to go down it. Could we stop this process, even if we wanted to? Probably not. A ban on enhancement would prove ineffectual unless it severely curtailed research in most major fields of contemporary science, technology, and medicine – in all the world’s nations simultaneously. The chances of such a coordinated global relinquishment happening are very small indeed.

Nevertheless, to admit that we cannot stop these technologies altogether does not mean that we are powerless to exert any control at all over their development. A key focus of my book will be to explore how a democratic polity can realistically expect to manage, or channel, the powerful social, economic, and cultural processes that propel the technologies of human enhancement.

2. Can we avoid the commodification of humans?

Enhancement technologies pose a serious risk to human dignity, precisely because they tempt us to think of a person as an entity that can be “improved.” The great danger, in doing this, lies in reducing a human person to the same status as any product or artifact. We have already seen, with the eugenics movements of the past century, where such dehumanizing lines of thought can lead. A basic question I will explore is how to prevent the technologies of enhancement from eroding the foundations of equality and human dignity on which our political and social systems rest.

3. Can enhancement opportunities be made democratically accessible to all?

If wealthy persons gain preferential access to the most potent enhancements, we will witness a further widening of the already cruel gap that separates people into haves and have-nots. This time around, however, that gap will not merely be reflected outwardly in social status and power: it will be written in biology itself. What kinds of political and economic safeguards will be required in order to prevent such an outcome?

4. Can our society deal constructively with radical diversity?

It is not at all clear whether a population of highly enhanced humans can coexist peacefully alongside a population of unmodified humans. If human enhancement becomes widespread, then the people of that era will not only look far more different from each other than they do today, they will also possess a much wider variety of physical and mental powers. Diversity, in such a context, will be based on varying biologies, dissimilar machine components, sharply contrasting abilities. Will we have a civic culture that can absorb that level of riotous heterogeneity among its members? What ethical and political innovations would such a culture require?

The audience I have in mind for this book is a broad one: general educated readers who are concerned about the role of science and technology in shaping our collective future; legislators, ethicists, business leaders, and other policymakers with a stake in the governance of science; medical, scientific, and technological practitioners interested in the social and cultural implications of their research. Having taught many undergraduate honors seminars on this topic, I intend to produce a book that can be widely used in college-level classes on philosophy, history, or "science and society," as well as in more specialized courses on bioethics, the sociology of science, or the history of technology.

* * * * *

Icarus 2.0

Chapter Outline

Introduction

Horizons

• How to think about the future?

• Is history accelerating toward a Singularity?

• The Jetsons fallacy

Humans Redesigned

• Pharmaceuticals

• Bioelectronics

• Genetics

• The two wild cards: nanotechnology and artificial intelligence

Justice

• Debates over the ethics of enhancement: Two visions of the human condition

• Evaluating enhancements: a pragmatic approach

• Unequal access. Only one solution: provide universal availability.

• Species fragmentation despite equal access?

• Mistakes who are persons. Enhanced animals.

• Information, privacy, freedom. Criminal law.

Identity

• The Mechanization of the Self, Part 1. Are we ourselves complex machines?

• The Mechanization of the Self, Part 2. Are we becoming more machine-like?

• Destabilization of the unitary self

• Unsettling of bio-social and kinship relationships

Strategies

• Human agency and technological determinism

• The challenge of re-humanization

• Ethical self-fashioning of the New Citizenry

Conclusion

• Reflections on Runaways

• Who/What are we becoming?

Bibliography by Theme

(May 2012)

The thematic headings are:

• Animal enhancement

• Bioelectronic enhancement and cyborgs

• Brain/Mind/Neuroethics

• Cosmetics, life-extension, and physical enhancements

• Enhancement and post-humanity: bioethical and social implications

• Forecasting and futurology

• Genetics and genetic enhancement

• Human nature, human identity, human dignity, disability studies

• Justice, legal implications, government policy

• Nanotechnology

• Pharmaceutical enhancement

• Robots and AI

• Science Fiction

• Science studies, history of technology, technological determinism

• Miscellaneous (ie. doesn’t fit neatly into any of the above)

Animal enhancement

Beauchamp, Tom, and R.G. Frey, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics (Oxford, 2011)

Bonnicksen, Andrea, Chimeras, Hybrids, and Interspecies Research: Politics and Policymaking (Georgetown U. Press, 2009)

Fudge, Erica, et. al, eds., At the Borders of the Human: Beasts, Bodies, and Natural Philosophy in the Early Modern Period (Palgrave, 1999)

Gilmore, David D., Monsters: Evil Beings, Mythical Beasts, and All Manner of Imaginary Terrors (U. of Pennsylvania Press, 2003)

Grandin, Temple, Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009)

Griffin, Donald, Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness (U. of Chicago Press, 2001)

Haraway, Donna, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (Routledge, 1989)

Haraway, Donna, When Species Meet (University of Minnesota, 2008)

Hauser, Marc, Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (Holt, 2000)

Hess, Elizabeth, Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp Who Would Be Human (Bantam, 2008)

Sunstein, Cass, and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds., Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions (Oxford, 2004)

Westoll, Andrew, The Chimps of Fauna Sanctuary (Mariner, 2011)

Wynne, Clive, Animal Cognition: The Mental Lives of Animals (Palgrave, 2001)

Bioelectronic enhancement and cyborgs

Bauby, Jean-Dominique, Le Scaphandre et le Papillon (Robert Laffont, 1997)

Belfiore, Michael, The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs (Harper, 2009)

Bell, Gordon, and Jim Gemmell, Total Recall: How the E-Memory Revolution Will Change Everything (Dutton, 2009)

Benford, Gregory, and Elisabeth Malartre, Beyond Human: Living With Robots and Cyborgs (Forge, 2007)

Berger, Theodore, et. al., Brain-Computer Interfaces: An International Assessment of Research and Development Trends (Springer, 2008)

Blascovich, Jim, and Jeremy Bailenson, Infinite Reality (Morrow, 2011)

Bray, Dennis, Wetware: A Computer in Every Living Cell (Yale, 2009)

Chorost, Michael, Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human (Houghton Mifflin, 2005)

Chorost, Michael, World Wide Mind (Free Press, 2011)

Clark, Andy, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence (Oxford U. Press, 2003)

Davis-Floyd, Robbie, and Joseph Dumit, eds., Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots (Routledge, 1998)

Dornhege, Guido, et. al., eds., Toward Brain-Computer Interfacing (MIT, 2007)

Doyle, Richard, Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living (U. of Minnesota Press, 2003)

Geary, James, The Body Electric: An Anatomy of the New Bionic Senses (Rutgers, 2002)

Gray, Chris, Cyborg Citizen: Politics in the Posthuman Age (Routledge, 2002)

Gray, Chris, The Cyborg Handbook (Routledge, 1995)

Haney, William, Cyberculture, Cyborgs, and Science Fiction: Consciousness and the Posthuman (Rodopi, 2006)

Haraway, Donna, “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late-Twentieth Century,” in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (Routledge, 1991), 149-81.

Muri, Allison, The Enlightenment Cyborg: A History of Communications and Control in the Human Machine 1660-1830 (Toronto, 2007)

Smith, Marquard, and Joanne Morra, eds., The Prosthetic Impulse: From a Posthuman Present to a Biocultural Future (MIT, 2006)

Smith, Marquard, ed., Stelarc: The Monograph (MIT, 2005)

Stock, Gregory, Metaman: The Merging of Humans and Machines into a Global Superorganism (Simon & Schuster, 1993)

Suchman, Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions, 2^nd Ed. (Cambridge, 2007)

Toffoletti, Kim, Cyborgs and Barbie Dolls: Feminism, Popular Culture, and the Posthuman Body (I. B. Tauris, 2007)

Tombran-Tink, Joyce, et. al., Visual prosthesis and opthalmic devices: new hope in sight (Humana, 2007)

Turkle, Sherry, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (Touchstone, 1995)

Turkle, Sherry, The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit (MIT, 1984, 2005)

Turkle, Sherry, Alone Together (Basic, 2011)

Waldby, Catherine, The Visible Human Project: Informatic Bodies and Posthuman Medicine (Routledge, 2000)

Brain/Mind/Neuroethics

Alper, Matthew, The ‘God’ Part of the Brain (Sourcebooks, 2006)

Baker, Mark, and Stewart Goetz, The Soul Hypothesis (Continuum, 2011)

Barbieri, Marcello, ed., Introduction to Biosemiotics: The New Biological Synthesis (Springer, 2008)

Bear, Mark, et al., Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3^rd ed. (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2007)

Bedau, Mark, and Paul Humphreys, eds., Emergence: Contemporary Readings in Philosophy and Science (MIT Press, 2008)

Berger, Theodore, and Dennis Glanzman, Toward Replacement Parts for the Brain: Implantable Biomimetic Electronics as Neural Prostheses (MIT, 2005)

Block, Ned, Consciousness, Function, and Representation (MIT, 2007)

Boden, Margaret, The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms (Routledge, 2004)

Boden, Margaret, Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science (Oxford, 2008)

Boyd, Brian, On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction (Harvard, 2009)

Carter, Rita, The Human Brain Book (Dorling Kindersley, 2009)

Chalmers, David, Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2002)

Changeux, Jean-Pierre, Paul Ricoeur, What Makes us Think?: A Neuroscientist and a Philosopher Argue About Ethics, Human Nature, and the Brain (Princeton 2000)

Churchland, Patricia, Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us About Morality (Princeton, 2011)

Clark, Andy, Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again (MIT Press, 1997)

Damasio, Antonio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (Penguin, 1994)

Damasio, Antonio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (Pantheon, 2010)

Damasio, Antonio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (Harcourt, 1999)

Damasio, Antonio, “Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition,” Cognition 33: 25-62 (1989).

Dehaene, Stanislas, Reading in the Brain (Penguin, 2009)

Delgado, José, Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society (Harper, 1969)

Dennett, Daniel C., Consciousness Explained (Little, Brown, 1991)

DiLorenzo, Daniel, and Joseph Bronzino, eds., Neuroengineering (CRC Press, 2008)

Dreyfus, Hubert, et. al., Mind over Machine (Simon & Schuster, 2000)

Edelman, Gerald M., Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge (Yale U. Press, 2006)

Flanagan, Owen, The Really Hard Problem: Meaning in a Material World (MIT Press, 2007)

Fogg, B.J., Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do (Morgan Kauffman, 2003)

Frith, Chris, Making Up the Mind: How the Brain Creates our Mental World (Blackwell, 2007)

Gay, Volney, ed., Neuroscience and Religion: Brain, Mind, Self, and Soul (Lexington, 2009)

Gazzaniga, Michael, Who’s in Charge? Free Will and the Science of the Brain (Harper Collins, 2011)

Gibbs, Raymond W., Jr., Embodiment and Cognitive Science (Cambridge, 2005)

Giordano, James, and Bert Gordijn, eds., Scientific and Philosophical Perspectives in Neuroethics (Cambridge, 2010)

Glannon, Walter, Bioethics and the Brain (Oxford, 2007)

Glannon, Walter, ed., Defining Right and Wrong in Brain Science: Essential Readings in Neuroethics (Dana, 2007)

Glimcher, Paul, et. al., eds., Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain (Elsevier, 2009)

Harrington, Anne, ed., So Human a Brain: Knowledge and Values in the Neurosciences (Birkhäuser, 1992)

Hawkins, Jeff, On Intelligence (Times Books, 2004)

Hofstadter, Douglas, Gödel, Escher, Back: An Eternal Golden Braid (Vintage, 1979)

Hofstadter, Douglas, I Am a Strange Loop (Basic, 2007)

Holland, John, Emergence: From Chaos to Order (Basic, 1998)

Hooper, Judith, and Dick Teresi, The Three-Pound Universe (Tarcher/Putnam, 1986)

Horn, Gabriel, “Brain Science, Addiction, and Drugs,” British Academy of Medical Sciences (May 2008)

Horstman, Judith, The Scientific American Brave New Brain (Jossey-Bass, 2009)

Horstman, Judith, The Scientific American Day in the Life of Your Brain (Jossey-Bass, 2009)

Hughes, James, Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future (Westview, 2004)

Humphrey, Nicholas, Soul Dust: The Magic of Consciousness (Princeton, 2011)

Illes, Judy, ed., Neuroethics: Defining the Issues in Theory, Practice, and Policy (Oxford, 2006)

Johnson, Steven, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (Scribner, 2001)

Jones, Roy, et. al., “Cognition Enhancers,” Foresight Brain Science Project, British Government Office of Science and Technology (2008).

Juarrero, Alicia, Dynamics in Action: Intentional Behavior as a Complex System (MIT, 1999)

Kahneman, Daniel, Thinking Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2011)

Kandel, Eric R., In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science (Norton, 2006)

Kane, Robert, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Free Will (Oxford, 2002)

Katz, Bruce, Neuroengineering the Future: Virtual Minds and the Creation of Immortality (Infinity Science Press, 2008)

Koch, Christof, Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist (MIT, 2012)

Koch, Christof, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (Roberts, 2004)

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought (Basic Books, 1999)

LeDoux, Joseph, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (Viking, 2002)

Levy, Neil, Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21^st Century (Cambridge, 2007)

Lynch, Gary and Richard Granger, Big Brain: The Origins and Future of Human Intelligence (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)

Marcus, Steven, ed., Neuroethics: Mapping the Field (Dana Press, 2002)

McGilchrist, Iain, The Master and his Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Modern World (Yale U. Press, 2009)

Metzinger, Thomas, The Ego Tunnel (Basic, 2009)

Minsky, Marvin, Society of Mind (Touchstone, 1988)

Minsky, Marvin, The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind (Simon & Schuster, 2006)

Moffett, Shannon, The Three-Pound Enigma: The Human Brain and the Quest to Unlock its Mysteries (Algonquin, 2006)

Moreno, Jonathan, Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense (Dana, 2006)

Nagel, Thomas, The View from Nowhere (Oxford U. Press, 1989)

Pfeiffer, Rolf, and Christian Scheier, eds., Understanding Intelligence (MIT, 1999)

Quartz, S., and Sejnowski, T., Liars, Lovers, and Heroes: What the New Brain Science Reveals About How We Become Who We Are (Morrow, 2002)

Raeymaekers, Peter, et. al., eds., Connecting Brains and Society: The Present and Future of Brain Science: what is possible, what is desirable? Proceedings of an International Workshop, 22 and 23 April 2004, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (King Baudouin Foundation [Brussels] and Rathenau Institute [The Hague], Dec. 2004)

Ramachandran, V.S., and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (Quill, 1998)

Ramey, Estelle, and Desmond O’Doherty, eds., Electrical Studies on the Unanesthetized Brain (Hoeber, 1960)

Robbins, Jim, A Symphony in the Brain: The Evolution of the New Brain Wave Feedback (Grove, 2008)

Rose, Steven, The Future of the Brain: The Promise and Perils of Tomorrow’s Neuroscience (Oxford, 2005)

Schall, Jeffrey D., “Actions, Reasons, Neurons, and Causes,” in Volney Gay, ed., Neuroscience and Religion: Brain, Mind, Self, and Soul (Lexington, 2009), 175-198.

Schwartz, Jeffrey, and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force (Harper, 2002)

Searle, John, The Mystery of Consciousness (New York Review, 1997)

Seung, Sebastian, Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012)

Smith, Barbara Herrnstein, Natural Reflections: Human Cognition at the Nexus of Science and Religion (Yale, 2009)

Sporns, Olaf, Networks of the Brain (MIT Press, 2011)

Tancredi, Laurence, Hardwired Behavior: What Neuroscience Reveals About Morality (Cambridge, 2005)

Vidal, Fernando, “Brainhood: Anthropological Figure of Modernity,” History of the Human Sciences 22:1 (2009), 5-36.

Westin, Drew, The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation (Public Affairs, 2007)

Wilson, Edward, and Bert Hölldobler, The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies (Norton, 2009)

Zak, Paul, The Moral Molecule: The Source of Love and Prosperity (Dutton, 2012)

Cosmetics, life-extension, and physical enhancements

Assael, Shaun, Steroid Nation (ESPN Books, 2007)

Blum, Virginia L., Flesh Wounds: The Culture of Cosmetic Surgery (U. of California Press, 2003)

Cave, Stephen, Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How it Drives Civilization (Crown, 2012)

De Grey, Aubrey, Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime (St. Martin’s 2007)

Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty (Anchor Books, 1999)

Fox, Renee, and Judith Swazey, Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society (Oxford, 1992)

Gilman, Sander L., Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery (Princeton, 1999)

Hall, Stephen S., Merchants of Immortality: Chasing the Dream of Human Life Extension (Houghton Mifflin, 2003)

Hoberman, John, Testosterone Dreams: Rejuvenation, Aphrodisia, Doping (U. of California Press, 2005)

Immortality Institute, The Scientific Conquest of Death: Essays on Infinite Lifespans (Immortality Institute, 2004)

Jendrick, Nathan, Dunks, Doubles, Doping: How Steroids are Killing American Athletics (Lyons, 2006)

Kurzweil, Ray, and Terry Grossman, Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever (Plume, 2005)

McGee, Micki, Self-Help, Inc.: Makeover Culture in American Life (Oxford, 2005)

Medina, John, The Clock of Ages: Why We Age, How We Age, Winding Back the Clock (Cambridge U. Press, 1996)

Miah, Andy, Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping, and Sport (Routledge, 2004)

Miller, Paul, Better Humans? The Politics of Human Enhancement and Life Extension (Demos, 2006)

Rattan, Suresh, ed., Modulating Aging and Longevity (Kluwer, 2003)

Schneider, Angela, ed., Doping in Sport: Global Ethical Issues (Routledge, 2007)

Tamburrini, Claudio, and Torbjorn Tannsjo, eds., Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Questions (Routledge, 2005)

Zey, Michael, Ageless Nation: The Quest for Superlongevity and Physical Perfection (New Horizon Press, 2007)

Enhancement and post-humanity: bioethical and social implications

Agar, Nicholas, Humanity’s End: Why We Should Reject Radical Enhancement (MIT, 2010)

Agar, Nicholas, Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement (Blackwell, 2004)

Bailey, Ronald, Liberation Biology: The Scientific and Moral Case for the Biotech Revolution (Prometheus Books, 2005)

Beckwith, Jon, Making Genes, Making Waves: A Social Activist in Science (Harvard, 2002)

Broderick, Damien, The Spike: How Our Lives Are Being Transformed by Rapidly Advancing Technologies (Forge Books, 2001)

Buchanan, Allen, Better Than Human: The Promise and Perils of Enhancing Ourselves (Oxford, 2011)

Caplan, Arthur, Smart Mice, Not-So-Smart People (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007)

Clegg, Brian, Upgrade Me: Our Amazing Journey to Human 2.0 (St. Martin’s, 2008)

DeGrazia, David, Human Identity and Bioethics (Cambridge, 2005)

Fukuyama, Francis, Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution (Farrar, Straus, 2002)

Fuller, Steve, Humanity 2.0: What it Means to Be Human (Palgrave, 2011)

Garreau, Joel, Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing our Minds, Our Bodies – and What It Means to Be Human (Doubleday, 2004)

Habermas, Jurgen, The Future of Human Nature (Polity, 2003)

Hansell, Gregory, and William Grassie, eds., H+/-: Transhumanism and its Critics (Metanexus, 2011)

Harris, John, Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People (Princeton, 2007)

Hayles, N. Katherine, How We Became Posthuman (U. of Chicago Press, 1999)

Joy, Bill, “Why the future doesn’t need us,” Wired 8.04 (April 2000)

Kass, Leon, Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (Regan 2003)

Kass, Leon, Life, Liberty and the Defense of Dignity: The Challenge for Bioethics (Encounter Books, 2002)

Kuhse, Helga, and Peter Singer, eds., A Companion to Bioethics (Blackwell, 2001)

Kurzweil, Ray, The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (Viking, 2005)

Lanier, Jaron, You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto (Knopf, 2010)

Loomis, William F., Life As It Is: Biology for the Public Sphere (U. of California, 2008)

Lustig, Andrew, Baruch Brody, and Gerald McKenny, eds., Altering Nature: Volume Two: Religion, Biotechnology, and Public Policy (Springer, 2008).

McLean, Sheila, and Laura Williamson, Xenotransplantation: Law and Ethics (Ashgate, 2005)

McKibben, Bill, Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age (Times Books, 2003)

Menikoff, Jerry, Law and Bioethics: An Introduction (Georgetown U. Press, 2001)

Mitchell, C. Ben, Edmund D. Pellegrino, Jean Bethke Elshtain, John F. Kilner, and Scott B. Rae, Biotechnology and the Human Good (Georgetown U. Press, 2007)

Montagu, Ashley, Floyd Matson, The Dehumanization of Man (McGraw-Hill, 1983)

Moore, Pete, Enhancing Me: The Hope and Hype of Human Enhancement (Wiley/Dana Centre, 2008)

Naam, Ramez, More Than Human: Embracing the Promise of Biological Enhancement (Broadway, 2005)

Parens, Erik, ed., Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications (Georgetown U. Press, 1998)

Paul, Gregory, and Earl Cox, Beyond Humanity: CyberEvolution and Future Minds (Charles River Media, 1996)

Pepperell, Robert, The Posthuman Condition: Consciousness Beyond the Brain (Intellect Press, 2003)

President’s Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (2003)

President’s Council on Bioethics, The Changing Moral Focus of Newborn Screening (Dec. 2008)

President’s Council on Bioethics, Reproduction and Responsibility: The Regulation of New Biotechnologies (March 2004)

Regis, Ed, Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition (Addison-Wesley, 1990)

Rose, Nikolas, The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton, 2007)

Rutsky, R. L., High Techne: Art and Technology from the Machine Aesthetic to the Posthuman (U. of Minnesota Press, 1999)

Sandel, Michael, The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering (Harvard, 2007)

Sargent, Michael, Biomedicine and the Human Condition: Challenges, Risks, and Rewards (Cambridge, 2005)

Savulescu, Julian, Ruud ter Meulen, and Guy Kahane, eds., Enhancing Human Capacities (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)

Savulescu, Julian, and Nick Bostrom, eds., Human Enhancement (Oxford, 2009)

Talbott, Steve, Devices of the Soul: Battling for our Selves in an Age of Machines (O’Reilly, 2007)

Thacker, Eugene, The Global Genome: Biotechnology, Politics, and Culture (MIT, 2005)

Turney, Jon, Frankenstein’s Footsteps: Science, Genetics, and Popular Culture (Yale U. Press, 1998)

Waters, Brent, From Human to Posthuman: Christian Theology and Technology in a Postmodern World (Ashgate, 2006)

Williams, Enita, Good, Better, Best: The Human Quest for Enhancement. Summary Report of an Invitational Workshop Convened by the Scientific Freedom, Responsibility and Law Program, American Association for the Advancement of Science (June 1-2, 2006).

Young, Simon, Designer Evolution: A Transhumanist Manifesto (Prometheus, 2006)

Forecasting and futurology

Barr, Marleen, ed., Envisioning the Future: Science Fiction and the Next Millennium (Wesleyan U. Press, 2003)

Bell, Wendell, Foundations of Futures Studies: Human Science for a New Era, vol. 1 (Transaction Publishers, 1997)

Brockman, John, The Next Fifty Years: Science in the First Half of the 21^st Century (Vintage, 2002)

Brockman, John, This Will Change Everything: Ideas That Will Shape the Future (Harper, 2010)

Brown, David J., Conversations on the Edge of the Apocalypse: Contemplating the Future (Palgrave, 2005)

Canton, James, The Extreme Future: The Top Trends That Will Reshape the World for the Next 5, 10, and 20 Years (Dutton, 2006)

Corn, Joseph, and Brian Horrigan, Yesterday’s Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future (Johns Hopkins Press, 1996)

Dublin, Max, Futurehype: The Tyranny of Prophecy (Plume, 1989)

Foundation for the Future, ed., Humanity 3000: Symposium Proceedings, 4 vols. (Foundation for the Future, 2000)

Friedman, David D., Future Imperfect: Technology and Freedom in an Uncertain World (Cambridge, 2008)

Friedman, George, The Next 100 Years (Anchor, 2009)

Gans, Herbert J., Imagining America in 2033: How the Country Put Itself Together After Bush: A Utopian Narrative (University of Michigan, 2008)

Lombardo, Thomas, Contemporary Futurist Thought (Authorhouse, 2006)

Martin, James, The Meaning of the 21^st Century: A Vital Blueprint for Ensuring Our Future (Riverhead, 2006)

Rees, Martin, Our Final Hour (Basic, 2003)

Rosenberg, Daniel, and Susan Harding, eds., Histories of the Future (Duke, 2005)

Seidensticker, Bob, Futurehype: The Myths of Technology Change (Berrett-Koehler, 2006)

Simon, Julian L. and Herman Kahn, eds., The Resourceful Earth: A Response to Global 2000 (Basil Blackwell, 1984)

Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (Random House, 2007)

Toffler, Alvin, Future Shock (Bantam, 1970)

Wallace, Mike, ed., The Way We Will Be 50 Years From Today (Thomas Nelson, 2008)

Ward, Peter, Future Evolution (Times Books, 2001).

Wilson, Edward O., The Future of Life (Vintage, 2002)

Genetics and genetic enhancement

Andrews, Lori, Future Perfect: Confronting Decisions About Genetics (Columbia, 2001)

Baillie, Harold, and Timothy Casey, eds., Is Human Nature Obsolete? Genetics, Bioengineering, and the Future of the Human Condition (MIT, 2004)

Barnes, Barry and John Dupré, Genomes: And What to Make of Them (U. of Chicago Press, 2008)

Black, Edwin, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race (Dialog, 2008)

Britton, Sheilah, and Dan Collins, eds., The Eighth Day: The Transgenic Art of Eduardo Kac (Institute for Studies in the Arts, 2003)

Buchanan, Allen, Dan W. Brock, Norman Daniels, Daniel Wikler, From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice (Cambridge, 2000)

Burley, Justine, and John Harris, eds., A Companion to Genethics (Blackwell, 2002)

Carlson, Elof, The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001)

Carlson, Robert, Biology is Technology: The Promise, Peril, and New Business of Engineering Life (Harvard, 2010)

Chapman, Audrey, and Mark Frankel, eds., Designing Our Descendants: The Promises and Perils of Genetic Modifications (Johns Hopkins, 2003)

Cole-Turner, Ronald, Design and Destiny: Jewish and Christian Perspectives on Human Germline Modification (MIT, 2008)

Collins, Francis, et. al., “A Vision for the Future of Genomics Research,” Nature 422 (April 24, 2003), 1-13.

Davis, Lennard, Go Ask Your Father: One Man’s Obsession with Finding His Origins Through DNA Testing (Bantam, 2009)

Dawkins, Richard, The Selfish Gene (Oxford U. Press, 1976)

Drlica, Karl A., Double-Edged Sword: The Promises and Risks of the Genetic Revolution (Helix Books, 1994)

Dudley, William, Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints (Greenhaven, 1990)

Duncan, David E., The Geneticist Who Played Hoops with my DNA… and Other Masterminds from the Frontiers of Biotech (HarperCollins, 2005)

Duster, Troy, Backdoor to Eugenics (Routledge, 2003)

Dyson, Freeman, The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet (Oxford U. Press, 1999)

Enriquez, Juan, As the Future Catches You: How Genomics and Other Forces Are Changing Your Life, Work, Health, and Wealth (Three Rivers, 2001)

Evans, John, Playing God? Human Genetic Engineering and the Rationalization of Public Bioethical Debate (Chicago, 2002)

Fletcher, Joseph, The Ethics of Genetic Control (Prometheus, 1988)

Franklin, Sarah, Dolly Mixtures: The Remaking of Genealogy (Duke, 2007)

Franklin, Sarah, Celia Roberts, Born and Made: An Ethnography of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (Princeton 2006)

Gehring, Verna, Genetic Prospects: Essays on Biotechnology, Ethics, and Public Policy (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003)

Glannon, Walter, Genes and Future People: Philosophical Issues in Human Genetics (Westview, 2001)

Gosden, Roger, Designing Babies: The Brave New World of Reproductive Technology (Freeman, 1999)

Gottweis, Herbert, Governing Molecules: The Discursive Politics of Genetic Engineering in Europe and the United States (MIT, 1998)

Green, Ronald M., Babies by Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice (Yale, 2007)

Hamer, Dean, The God Gene: How Faith is Hardwired Into Our Genes (Anchor, 2004)

Harper, Joyce, ed., Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (Cambridge, 2009)

Harris, John, Clones, Genes, and Immortality: Ethics and the Genetic Revolution (Oxford, 1998)

Harris, Judith Rich, No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality (Norton, 2006)

Henig, Robin, Pandora's Baby: How the First Test Tube Babies Sparked the Reproductive Revolution (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2006)

Heyd, David, Genethics: Moral Issues in the Creation of People (U. of California Press, 1992)

Holland, Suzanne, The Human Embryonic Stem Cell Debate: Science, Ethics, Public Policy (MIT, 2001)

Jablonka, Eva, and Marion Lamb, Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life (MIT, 2005)

Keller, Evelyn Fox, The Century of the Gene (Harvard, 2000)

Kevles, Daniel, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Harvard, 2004)

Kristol, William, and Eric Cohen, eds., The Future is Now: America Confronts the New Genetics (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002)

Leavitt, Michael, ed., Personalized Health Care: Pioneers, Partnerships, Progress (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nov. 2008)

Lewontin, Richard, Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA (Harper Perennial, 1991)

Lewontin, Richard, It Ain’t Necessarily So: The Dream of the Human Genome and Other Illusions (New York Review of Books Press, 2000)

Macintosh, Kerry, Illegal Beings: Human Clones and the Law (Cambridge, 2005)

McGee, Glenn, The Perfect Baby: Parenthood in the New World of Cloning and Genetics (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000)

Mehlman, Maxwell, Wondergenes: Genetic Enhancement and the Future of Society (Indiana U. Press, 2003)

Mehlman, Maxwell, and Jeffrey Botkin, Access to the Genome: The Challenge of Equality (Georgetown U. Press, 1998)

Nelkin, Dorothy, Dangerous Diagnostics: The Social Power of Biological Information (U. of Chicago Press, 1994)

Newman, William, Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature (U. of Chicago Press, 2004)

Nicholl, Desmond, An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, 3^rd ed. (Cambridge, 2008)

Nussbaum, Martha, and Cass R. Sunstein, eds., Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies About Human Cloning (Norton, 1998)

Oakley, Barbara, Evil Genes: Why Rome Fell, Hitler Rose, Enron Failed and My Sister Stole My Mother’s Boyfriend (Prometheus, 2007)

Parens, Erik, Audrey Chapman, and Nancy Press, eds., Wrestling with Behavioral Genetics: Science, Ethics, and Public Conversation (Johns Hopkins, 2006)

Pence, Gregory, Who’s Afraid of Human Cloning? (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998)

Peterson, James C., Genetic Turning Points: The Ethics of Human Genetic Intervention (Eerdmans, 2001)

Proctor, Robert, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Harvard, 1988)

Purves, William K. et. al., Life: The Science of Biology, 5th ed. (Freeman/Sinauer, 1998)

Ramsey, Paul, Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control (Yale, 1970)

Reilly, Philip, R., Abraham Lincoln’s DNA and other Adventures in Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000)

Ridley, Matt, Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human (Harper, 2003)

Rifkin, Jeremy, The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World (Tarcher, 1998)

Robinson, Tara, Genetics for Dummies (Wiley, 2005)

Roof, Judith, The Poetics of DNA (University of Minnesota, 2007)

Rothman, Barbara Katz, Genetic Maps and Human Imaginations (Norton, 1998)

Rutter, Michael, Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained (Blackwell, 2006)

Shanks, Pete, Human Genetic Engineering: A Guide for Activists, Skeptics, and the Very Perplexed (Nation Books, 2005)

Silver, Lee M., Remaking Eden: How Genetic Engineering Will Transform the American Family (Harper, 1998)

Stock, Gregory, Redesigning Humans: Choosing Our Genes, Changing Our Future (Mariner, 2003)

Stock, Gregory, and John Campbell, eds., Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass to Our Children (Oxford, 2000)

Sykes, Bryan, Adam’s Curse: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Destiny (Norton, 2004)

Toke, Dave, The Politics of GM Food (Routledge, 2004)

Wailoo, Keith, and Stephen Pemberton, The Troubled Dream of Genetic Medicine: Ethnicity and Innovation in Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle Cell Disease (Johns Hopkins, 2006)

Wilmut, Ian, After Dolly: The Uses and Misuses of Human Cloning (Norton, 2006)

Zimmerman, Barbara, Understanding Breast Cancer Genetics (U. of Mississippi Press, 2004)

Human nature, human identity, human dignity, disability studies

Albrecht, Gary, et. al., Handbook of Disability Studies (Sage, 2001)

Allen, Ronald B., The Majesty of Man: The Dignity of Being Human (Kregal, 1984)

Berry, Wendell, Life is a Miracle: An Essay Against Modern Superstition (Counterpoint, 2000)

Brown, Donald, Human Universals (McGraw-Hill, 1991)

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, “Instruction Dignitas Personae on Certain Bioethical Questions” (Rome, Sept. 8, 2008).

Crowley, Mary, ed., From Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefing Book for Journalists, Policymakers, and Campaigns (The Hastings Center, 2008)

Davis, Lennard, Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body (Verso, 1995)

Davis, Lennard, My Sense of Silence: Memoirs of a Childhood With Deafness (U. of Illinois, 2000)

DeGrazia, David, Human Identity and Bioethics (Cambridge, 2005)

Douglas, Mary, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (Routledge, 1966)

Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe, So You Think You’re Human? A Brief History of Humankind (Oxford, 2004)

Foucault, Michel, et al., eds., Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Tavistock, 1988)

Gazzaniga, Michael S., Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique (Harper Collins, 2008)

George, Robert P., and Christopher Tollefsen, Embryo: A Defense of Human Life (Doubleday, 2008)

Glover, Jonathan, What Sort of People Should There Be? (Penguin, 1984)

Gilbert, Daniel, Stumbling on Happiness (Knopf, 2007)

Haidt, Jonathan, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (Basic Books, 2006)

Haidt, Jonathan, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (Pantheon, 2012)

Harris, James, Against Relativism: A Philosophical Defense of Method (Open Court, 1992)

Hauser, Marc, Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong (Ecco, 2006)

Hunt, Lynn, Inventing Human Rights: A History (Norton, 2007)

Impey, Chris, The Living Cosmos: Our Search for Life in the Universe (Random House, 2007)

Jeeves, Malcolm, ed., Rethinking Human Nature: A Multidisciplinary Approach (Eerdmans, 2011)

Kaebnick, Gregory, ed., The Ideal of Nature: Debates About Biotechnology and the Environment (Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2011)

Kass, Leon, Human Cloning and Human Dignity: The Report of the President's Council on Bioethics (Public Affairs, 2002)

Kass, Leon, ed., Being Human: Core Readings in the Humanities (Norton, 2004)

Kateb, George, Human Dignity (Harvard, 2011)

Keller, Evelyn Fox, Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines (Harvard U. Press, 2002)

Loptson, Peter, Theories of Human Nature (Broadview, 2006)

Lykken, David, Happiness: What Studies on Twins Show US About Nature, Nurture, and the Happiness Set Point (Golden Books, 1999)

Macklin, Ruth, Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine (Oxford, 1999).

Mazlish, Bruce, The Idea of Humanity in a Global Era (Palgrave, 2009)

Nussbaum, Martha, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (Belknap, 2006)

Pagel, Mark, Wired for Culture: Origins of the Human Social Mind (Norton, 2012)

Perry, John, ed., Personal Identity (U. of California Press, 1975)

Peterson, Christopher, and Martin Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford, 2004)

Pinker, Steven, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (Viking, 2002)

Pojman, Louis, Who Are We? Theories of Human Nature (Oxford, 2006)

Reynolds, Thomas, Vulnerable Communion: A Theology of Disability and Hospitality (Brazos, 2008)

Ricard, Matthieu, Happiness (Little, Brown, 2000)

Rorty, Amelie, The Identities of Persons (U. of California Press, 1976)

Smith, Christian, What is a Person? Rethinking Humanity, Social Life, and the Moral Good from the Person Up (U. of Chicago Press, 2010)

Sowell, Thomas, A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles (Basic, 2007)

Stevenson, Leslie, and David Haberman, Ten Theories of Human Nature, fifth ed. (Oxford, 2009)

Tallis, Raymond, Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis, and the Misrepresentation of Humanity (Acumen, 2011)

Taylor, Charles, The Ethics of Authenticity (Harvard, 1992)

Taylor, Charles, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Harvard, 1992)

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, The Phenomenon of Man (Harper, 1959)

Wahrman, Dror, The Making of the Modern Self (Yale, 2006)

Wilson, Edward O., On Human Nature (Harvard U. Press, 1978)

Wright, Robert, The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are (Vintage, 1994)

Wright, Robert, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (Vintage, 2007)

Justice, legal implications, government policy

Appiah, Kwame Anthony, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (Norton, 2006)

Boghossian, Paul, Fear Of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism (Oxford, 2007)

Bonevac, Daniel, Today’s Moral Issues: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives, 6^th ed. (McGraw Hill, 2010)

Brin, David, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom? (Basic, 1998)

Brown, Michael J., “Cultural Relativism 2.0,” Current Anthropology 49:3 (June 2008), 363-83

Copp, David, The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory (Oxford, 2006)

Crowley, Mary, ed., From Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefing Book for Journalists, Policymakers, and Campaigns (The Hastings Center, 2008)

Dalai Lama, Ethics for the New Millennium (Riverhead, 1999)

Dworkin, Ronald, Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality (Harvard, 2000)

ETC Group, Who Owns Nature? Corporate Power and the Final Frontier in the Commodification of Life (ETC Group, Nov. 2008)

Farahany, Nita, ed., The Impact of Behavioral Sciences on Criminal Law (Oxford, 2009)

Groopman, Jerome, How Doctors Think (Houghton Mifflin, 2007)

Gulliford, Martin, Access to Health Care (Routledge, 2003)

Holtzman, David, Privacy Lost: How Technology Is Endangering Your Privacy (Jossey-Bass, 2006)

Krimsky, Sheldon, and Peter Shorett, eds., Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age: Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005)

LaFollette, Hugh, The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory (Blackwell, 2000)

Latour, Bruno, The Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences Into Democracy (Harvard U. Press, 2004)

Leavitt, Judith, and Ronald Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America (U. of Wisconsin Press, 1997)

Marchant, Gary, Braden Allenby, and Joseph Herkert, eds., The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight (Springer, 2011)

Rawls, John, and Erin Kelly, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, 2^nd ed. (Belknap, 2001)

Sandel, Michael, Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2009)

Sandel, Michael, ed., Justice: A Reader (Oxford, 2007)

Satz, Debra, Why Some Things Should Not Be For Sale: The Moral Limits of Markets (Oxford, 2010)

Scanlon, T.M., What We Owe to Each Other (Belknap, 1998)

Schaler, Jeffrey, ed., Peter Singer Under Fire (Open Court, 2009)

Scheffler, Samuel, Human Morality (Oxford, 1992)

Sen, Amartya, The Idea of Justice (Belknap, 2009)

Stout, Jeffrey, Ethics After Babel: The Languages of Morals and Their Discontents (Beacon, 1988)

Talisse, Robert, Democracy and Moral Conflict (Cambridge, 2009)

Wiggins, David, Ethics: Twelve Lectures on the Philosophy of Morality (Harvard, 2006)

Wilson, James Q., The Moral Sense (Free Press, 1993)

Nanotechnology

Allhof, Fritz, et. al., eds., Nanoethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology (Wiley, 2007)

Bainbridge, William Sims, and Mihail C. Roco, eds., Managing Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno Innovations: Converging Technologies in Society (Springer, 2006)

Baker, James, and Istvan Majoros, eds., Dendrimer-Based Nanomedicine (Pan Stanford, 2008)

Bennett-Woods, Deb, ed., Nanotechnology: Ethics and Society (CRC Press, 2008)

Berube, David, and Mihail Roco, Nano-Hype: The Truth Behind the Nanotechnology Buzz (Prometheus Books, 2007)

Drexler, Erik K., and Marvin Minsky, Engines of Creation (Random House, 1990)

ETC Group, Nanotech Rx: Medical Applications of Nano-scale Technologies: What Impact on Marginalized Communities? (ETC Group, Sept. 2006)

Foster, Lynn, Nanotechnology: Science, Innovation, and Opportunity (Prentice Hall, 2006)

Freitas, Robert, “Current Status of Nanomedicine and Medical Nanorobotics,” Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 2 ((2005), 1-25.

Hall, J. Storrs, Nanofuture: What’s Next for Nanotechnology (Prometheus, 2005)

Jain, Kewal, The Handbook of Nanomedicine (Humana, 2008)

Milburn, Colin, Nanovision: Engineering the Future (Duke, 2008)

Mulhall, Douglas, Our Molecular Future: How Nanotechnology, Robotics, Genetics, and Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Our World (Prometheus, 2002)

Roco, Mihail C., and William Sims Bainbridge, eds., Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance: Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology, and Cognitive Science (Kluwer, 2003)

Sandler, Ronald, Nanotechnology: The Social and Ethical Issues, PEN Report #16 (Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, January 2009)

Sargent, Ted, The Dance of the Molecules: How Nanotechnology is Changing Our Lives (Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006)

Pharmaceutical enhancement

Barber, Charles, Comfortably Numb: How Psychiatry is Medicating a Nation (Pantheon, 2008)

Breggin, Peter, The Anti-Depressant Fact Book: What Your Doctor Won't Tell You About Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, and Luvox (Da Capo, 2001)

Conrad, Peter, The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders (Johns Hopkins, 2007)

Elliott, Carl, Better Than Well: American Medicine Meets the American Dream (Norton, 2003)

Glenmullen, Joseph, Prozac Backlash: Overcoming the Dangers of Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and Other Antidepressants with Safe, Effective Alternatives (Simon & Schuster, 2001)

Gordijn, Bert, and Ruth Chadwick, eds., Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (Springer, 2008)

Greely, Henry, et. al., “Towards Responsible Use of Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs by the Healthy,” Nature 456 (Dec. 11, 2008), 702-705.

Kramer, Peter, Listening to Prozac: A Psychiatrist Explores Antidepressant Drugs and the Remaking of the Self (Penguin, 1993)

Loe, Meika, The Rise of Viagra: How the Little Blue Pill Changed Sex in America (NYU Press, 2004)

Rothstein, Mark, ed., Pharmacogenomics: Social, Ethical, and Clinical Dimensions (Wiley-Liss, 2003)

Stein, Dan, Philosophy of Psychopharmacology (Cambridge, 2008)

Robots and Artificial Intelligence

Arkin, Ronald, Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots (CRC Press, 2009)

Bar-Cohen, Yoseph, and Cynthia Breazeal, eds., Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots (SPIE Publications, 2003)

Breazeal, Cynthia, Designing Sociable Robots (MIT Press, 2002)

Brooks, Rodney A., Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us (Pantheon, 2002)

Brooks, Rodney, Sandy Fritz, Understanding Artificial Intelligence (Warner Books, 2002)

Capek, Karel, R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) (Penguin, 2004)

Caudill, Maureen, In Our Own Image: Building an Artificial Person (Oxford U. Press, 1992.

Cawsey, Alison, The Essence of Artificial Intelligence (Prentice Hall Europe, 1998)

Ceruzzi, Paul, A History of Modern Computing, 2^nd ed. (MIT, 2003)

Crevier, Daniel, AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence (BasicBooks, 1993)

De Garis, Hugo, The Artilect War: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines (ETC Press, 2005)

Dreyfus, Hubert L., What Computers Still Can’t Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason (MIT Press, 1999)

Ekbia, H.R., Artificial Dreams: The Quest for Non-Biological Intelligence (Cambridge, 2008)

Emmeche, Claus, The Garden in the Machine: The Emerging Science of Artificial Life

Fritz, Sandy, Ed., Understanding Artificial Intelligence (Warner, 2002)

Geraci, Robert, Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality (Oxford U. Press, 2010)

Gershenfeld, Neil, When Things Start to Think (Holt, 1999)

Goldberg, Ken, ed., The Robot in the Garden: Telerobotics and Telepistemology in the Age of the Internet (MIT Press, 2000)

Greenfield, Adam, Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing (New Riders, 2006)

Gutkind, Lee, Almost Human: Making Robots Think (Norton, 2008)

Hall, J. Storrs, Beyond AI: Creating the Conscience of the Machine (Prometheus 2007)

Hogan, James, Mind Matters: Exploring the World of Artificial Intelligence (Del Rey, 1998)

Hornyak, Timothy, Loving the Machine (Kodansha, 2006)

Kang, Minsoo, Sublime Dreams of Living Machines: The Automaton in the European Imagination (Harvard, 2011)

Kurzweil, Ray, The Age of Intelligent Machines (MIT, 1990)

Kurzweil, Ray, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (Penguin, 1999)

Levy, David, Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships (Harper, 2007)

Levy, David, Robots Unlimited (A K Peters, 2006)

Levy, Steven, Artificial Life: A Report from the Frontier Where Computers Meet Biology (Vintage, 1992)

Mazlish, Bruce, The Fourth Discontinuity: The Co-Evolution of Humans and Machines (Yale, 1993)

Meadows, Mark, We, Robot (Lyons, 2011)

Menzel, Peter, and Faith D’Aluisio, Robosapiens: Evolution of a New Species (MIT, 2000)

Moravec, Hans, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Harvard, 1988)

Moravec, Hans, Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind (Oxford, 1999)

Murphy, Robin, An Introduction to AI Robotics (Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents) (MIT, 2000)

Nilsson, Nils, The Quest for Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge, 2010)

Penrose, Roger, The Emperor’s New Mind: Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics (Oxford, 1989)

Perkowitz, Sidney, Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids (Joseph Henry, 2004)

Richards, Jay, ed., Are We Spiritual Machines? Ray Kurzweil vs. the Critics of Strong AI (Discovery In., 2002)

Rychlak, Joseph, Artificial Intelligence and Human Reason (Columbia U. Press, 1991)

Simons, Geoff, Robots: The Quest for Living Machines (Cassell, 1992)

Singer, Peter, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21^st Century (Penguin, 2009)

Wallach, Wendell, and Colin Allen, Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right From Wrong (Oxford, 2009)

Weng J., et. al., “Autonomous Mental Development by Robots and Animals,” Science 291 (5504): 599.

Williams, Sam, Arguing AI: The Battle for Twenty-first-Century Science (Random House, 2002)

Wilson, Daniel, How to Survive a Robot Uprising: Tips on Defending Yourself Against the Coming Rebellion (Bloomsbury, 2005)

Wolfe, Alan, The Human Difference: Animals, Computers, and the Necessity of Social Science (U. of California Press, 1993)

Wood, Gaby, Living Dolls: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life (Faber, 2003)

Wosk, Julie, Alluring Androids, Robot Women, and Electronic Eves (Fort Schuyler, 2008)

Science Fiction

Asimov, Isaac, I, Robot (Bantam, 1991)

Atwood, Margaret, Oryx and Crake (Doubleday, 2003)

Bly, Robert, The Science in Science Fiction: 83 SF Predictions That Became Scientific

Reality (Benbella, 2005)

Capek, Karel, The Makropoulos Secret (Luce, 1925)

Clayton, Jay, Charles Dickens in Cyberspace (Oxford, 2003)

Crichton, Michael, Next (HarperCollins, 2006)

Crichton, Michael, Prey (Avon Books, 2002)

Disch, Thomas, The Dreams Our Stuff is Made Of: How Science Fiction Conquered the World (Touchstone, 1998)

Frayling, Christopher, Mad, Bad, and Dangerous? The Scientist and the Cinema (Reaktion, 2005)

Gibson, William, Neuromancer (Ace Books, 2000)

Gunn, James, and Matthew Candelaria, eds., Speculations on Speculation: Theories of Science Fiction (Scarecrow, 2005)

Halpern, James L., The First Immortal (Del Rey, 1998)

Hanley, Richard, Is Data Human? The Metaphysics of Star Trek (Basic, 1997)

Houellebecq, Michel, The Possibility of an Island (Vintage, 2007)

Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World (Harper, 1932)

Ishiguro, Kazuo, Never Let Me Go (Knopf, 2005)

James, Edward, and Farah Mendlesohn, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (Cambridge, 2003)

Jameson, Fredric, Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions (Verso, 2005)

Keyes, Daniel, Flowers for Algernon (Mariner, 2005 [first ed. 1959]).

Kress, Nancy, Beggars in Spain (Avon, 1993)

Lederer, Susan, Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature (Rutgers U. Press, 2002)

Lowry, Lois, The Giver (Dell, 1993)

Magary, Drew, The Postmortal (Penguin, 2011)

Marusek, David, Counting Heads (Tor, 2005)

Morgan, Richard, Altered Carbon (Del Rey, 2002)

Orwell, George, 1984 (Signet, 1949)

Powers, Richard, Galatea 2.2 (Harper, 1995)

Powers, Richard, Generosity: An Enhancement (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009)

Redmond, Sean, Liquid Metal: The Science Fiction Film Reader (Wallflower, 2004)

Ryman, Geoff, When It Changed: Science Into Fiction (Comma Press, 2009)

Shapsay, Sandra, ed., Bioethics at the Movies (Johns Hopkins, 2009)

Stephenson, Neal, Snow Crash (Bantam, 1992)

Sturgeon, Theodore, More Than Human (Vintage, 1953)

Weldes, Jutta, ed., To Seek Out New Worlds: Exploring Links Between Science Fiction and World Politics (Palgrave, 2003)

Wright, John, The Golden Age (Tor, 2002)

Science studies, history of technology, technological determinism

Allenby, Braden, and Daniel Sarewitz, The Techno-Human Condition (MIT, 2011)

Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth About History (Norton, 1995)

Bess, Michael, The Light-Green Society: Ecology and Technological Modernity in France, 1960-2000 (U. of Chicago Press, 2003)

Bess, Michael, Realism, Utopia, and the Mushroom Cloud: Four Activist Intellectuals and their Strategies for Peace, 1945-1989 (U. of Chicago Press, 1993)

Bijker, Wiebe, Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change (MIT, 1997)

Bijker, Wiebe, Thomas Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, eds., The Social Construction of Technological Systems (MIT, 1987)

Briggs, John, David F. Peat, Turbulent Mirror: An Illustrated Guide to Chaos Theory and the Science of Wholeness (Perennial Library, 1989)

Brockman, Max, Future Science (Vintage, 2011)

Brown, John Seely, and Paul Duguid, The Social Life of Information (Harvard, 2002)

Clarke, Adele, et. al., eds., Biomedicalization: Technoscience, Health, and Illness in the U.S. (Duke U. Press, 2010)

Clayton, Philip, and Paul Davies, The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion (Oxford, 2006)

Cowan, Ruth, A Social History of American Technology (Oxford U. Press, 1996)

Coyne, Richard, Technoromanticism: Digital Narrative, Holism, and the Romance of the Real (MIT Press, 1999)

Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison, Objectivity (Zone, 2007)

De La Peña, Carolyn Thomas, The Body Electric: How Strange Machines Built the Modern American (NYU, 2003)

Diamond, Jared, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (Viking, 2005).

Dupuy, Jean-Pierre, On the Origins of Cognitive Science: The Mechanization of the Mind, trans. M.B. DeBevoise (MIT, 2009)

Dyson, George, Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (Perseus, 1997)

Evans, Richard, In Defense of History (Norton, 1999)

Fischer, Herve, Digital Shock: Confronting the New Reality (McGill-Queens U. Press, 2006)

Florman, Samuel, The Existential Pleasures of Engineering, 2^nd ed. (St. Martin’s Griffin, 1994)

Gleick, James, Chaos: Making a New Science (Penguin, 1987)

Gleick, James, Faster: The Acceleration of Just About Everything (Vintage, 2000)

Haraway, Donna, Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.Femaleman_Meets_Oncomouse: Feminism and Technoscience (Routledge, 1996)

Harris, Sam, The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values (Free Press, 2010)

Hawkins, Mike, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat (Cambridge, 1997)

Hughes, Thomas, American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm (Viking, 1989)

Hughes, Thomas, Human-Built World: How to Think About Technology and Culture (U. of Chicago Press, 2004)

Jasanoff, Sheila, Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States (Princeton, 2005)

Jasanoff, Sheila, et. al., eds., Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Sage, 1995)

Johnson, Deborah, and Jameson Wetmore, eds., Technology and Society: Building Our Sociotechnical Future (MIT, 2009)

Kelly, Kevin, What Technology Wants (Viking, 2010)

Kosko, Bart, Heaven in a Chip: Fuzzy Visions of Society and Science in the Digital Age (Three Rivers, 1999)

Kourany, Janet, Philosophy of Science After Feminism (Oxford, 2010)

Landes, David, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, 2nd ed. (Cambridge U. Press, 2003).

Latour, Bruno, and Steven Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton, 1986)

Latour, Bruno, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory (Oxford, 2005)

Latour, Bruno, We Have Never Been Modern (Harvard U. Press, 1993)

Lessig, Lawrence, Code, Version 2.0 (Basic, 2006)

Lifton, Robert Jay, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (Basic, 2000)

Lightman, Alan, et al., eds., Living With the Genie: Essays on Technology and the Quest for Human Mastery (Island Press, 2003)

Lock, Margaret, and Judith Farquhar, eds., Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life (Duke, 2007)

MacKenzie, Donald A., and Judy Wajcman, eds., The Social Shaping of Technology (Open U. Press, 1999)

Marx, Leo, and Merritt R. Smith, eds., Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism (MIT, 1994)

Mitchell, Melanie, Complexity: A Guided Tour (Oxford, 2009)

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources, Statistics, Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in the United States: 2001, NSF 05-313, Project

Nussbaum, Martha, Love’s Knowledge (Oxford, 1990)

Nye, David, Technology Matters (MIT, 2006)

Peterson, James C., et al., Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Sage, 2001)

Petroski, Henry, To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure (Harvard, 2012)

Pielke, Roger, The Honest Broker: Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics (Cambridge, 2007)

Popper, Karl, The Poverty of Historicism (Routledge, 2002)

Postman, Neil, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (Vintage, 1992)

Proctor, Robert, and Londa Schiebinger, eds., Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (Stanford, 2008)

Rabinow, Paul, Marking Time: On the Anthropology of the Contemporary (Princeton, 2008)

Rabinow, Paul, and Talia Dan-Cohen, A Machine to Make a Future: Biotech Chronicles (Princeton, 2005)

Ricard, Matthieu, and Trinh Xuan Thuan, The Quantum and the Lotus (Three Rivers, 2001)

Rockmore, Tom, and Joseph Margolis, eds., History, Historicity and Science (Ashgate, 2006)

Sawday, Jonathan, Engines of the Imagination: Renaissance Culture and the Rise of the Machine (Routledge, 2007)

Schmidt, Stanley, The Coming Convergence: Surprising Ways Diverse Technologies Interact to Shape our World and Change the Future (Prometheus Books, 2008)

Scruton, Roger, The Uses of Pessimism and the Danger of False Hope (Oxford, 2010)

Sewell, William, Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation (U. of Chicago Press, 2005)

Shapin, Steven, and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump (Princeton, 1985)

Skal, David, Screams of Reason: Mad Science and Modern Culture (Norton, 1998)

Smith, Barbara Herrnstein, Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth, and the Human (Duke, 2005)

Smith, Merritt, and Leo Marx, eds., Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism (MIT, 1994)

Tenner, Edward, Our Own Devices: How Technology Remakes Humanity (Vintage, 2003)

Tenner, Edward, Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences (Vintage, 1996)

Thacker, Eugene, Biomedia (U. of Minnesota Press, 2004)

Thomas, Lewis, The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher (Bantam, 1974)

Weinberger, David, Too Big to Know (Basic, 2011)

Wilsdon, James, and Rebecca Willis, See-Through Science: Why Public Engagement Needs to Move Upstream (Demos, 2004)

Miscellaneous

Abram, David, The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World (Vintage, 1996)

Bess, Michael, Choices Under Fire: Moral Dimensions of World War II (Knopf, 2006)

Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (U. of Minnesota Press, 1987)

Dyson, Freeman, Imagined Worlds (Harvard,1997)

Eiseley, Loren, The Immense Journey (Vintage, 1946)

Feynman, Richard P., “Surely You’re Joking Mr. Feynman!”: Adventures of a Curious Character (Norton, 1985)

Gallagher, Catherine, and Steven Greenblatt, Practicing New Historicism (U. of Chicago Press, 2000)

Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (Basic Books, 1973)

George, Robert, The Clash of Orthodoxies: Law, Religion, and Morality in Crisis (Intercollegiate, 2001)

Haeckel, Ernst, The Riddle of the Universe (Harper, 1900)

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, The Phenomenology of the Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford, 1979)

Kolakowski, Leszek, Main Currents of Marxism (3 volumes), trans. by P.S. Falla (Norton, 2008)

Levitt, Steven, and Stephen Dubner, Freakonomics (Harper, 2005)

Murphy, Nancey, and George Ellis, On the Moral Nature of the Universe (Fortress Press, 1996)

Nash, Roderick, The Rights of Nature (U. of Wisconsin Press, 1989)

Nietzsche, Friedrich, Basic Writings, trans. Walter Kauffmann (Modern Library, 2000)

Riskin, Jessica, Genesis Redux (University of Chicago, 2007)

Scott, Charles E., The Lives of Things (U. of Indiana Press, 2002)

Scott, Charles E., Living with Indifference (U. of Indiana, 2007)

Selden, Raman, Peter Widdowson, and Peter Brooker, A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory, fifth ed. (Pearson/Longman, 2005)

Sobek, Matthew, “New Statistics on the U.S. Labor Force, 1850–1990,” Historical Methods 34 (2001): 71–87.

Smallwood, Stephanie, Saltwater Slavery (Harvard, 2007)

Turse, Nick, The Complex: How the Military Invades our Everyday Lives (Metropolitan, 2008)

White, Hayden, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Johns Hopkins, 1975)